قالب های شعر در انگلیسی

Acrostic

قالبی شعری که در آن، نخستین حرف یا آخرین حرف مصراع ها واژه، عبارت، یا جمله ای کلیدی می سازند. جفری چاسر (شاعر ادبیات انگلیسی میانه) شعری ۲۴ قطعه ای دارد که اگر اولین حرف نخستین واژه از هر استانزا (قطعه) را به یکدیگر متصل کنیم، الفبای انگلیسی (a,b,c,d,e,…) حاصل می شود.

مثال: «بدرود»، اثر William Anderson Ellis:

Farewell, dear, young friends
though parting is painful
A sad separation approaches at last
Revilers may spurn me
lost friends may chide me
Even then with much pleasure
I’ll think on the past
When rivers divide us and
hills rise between us
Even then I’ll remember
your childhood bright days
Let not sad reflections
a moment beguile you
Look forward with hope on
future’s bright

نقد و بررسی شعر the second coming نوشته ی william butler yeats

The Second Coming

TURNING and turning in the widening gyre
The falcon cannot hear the falconer;
Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold;
Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world,
The blood-dimmed tide is loosed, and everywhere
The ceremony of innocence is drowned;
The best lack all conviction, while the worst
Are full of passionate intensity.

Surely some revelation is at hand;
Surely the Second Coming is at hand.
The Second Coming! Hardly are those words out
When a vast image out of Spiritus Mundi
Troubles my sight: somewhere in sands of the desert
A shape with lion body and the head of a man,
A gaze blank and pitiless as the sun,
Is moving its slow thighs, while all about it
Reel shadows of the indignant desert birds.
The darkness drops again; but now I know
That twenty centuries of stony sleep
Were vexed to nightmare by a rocking cradle,
And what rough beast, its hour come round at last,
Slouches towards Bethlehem to be born?

-----------------------------------------------------

The second coming = illusion

Turning and turning = passing of time

Gyre = circle of life , movement of world and its repetition

The falcon cannot hear the falconer = he disobey his master

Things fall apart, the center cannot hold = everything is ruined, kind of disbelief in relegion

Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world = disbelief in anything (personification)

The ceremony of innocence is drowned = innocence is disappeared

The best lack all conviction, while the worst = the best people in city don't have any belief (irony , allusion)

The second coming = jesus coming

When a vast image out of spiritsus mundi = show common idea and past
وقتی ذهنت پر از گذشته های بد هست نمی تونی به اومدن مسیح فکر کنی

A shape with lion body and the head of a man = strong beliefs


A gaze blank and pitiless as the sun = synocdoche (sight of statue resembles to sun)

The darkness drops again , but now i know = when loose connection with the past

stony sleep = mental death (metaphor) (synsetia چند حسی)


The statue is symbol of past.

Shadow is for protection

تم شعر :

Show the problems of modernism

نقد و بررسی شعر dream deferred

A Dream Deferred

by Langston Hughes

What happens to a dream deferred?
Does it dry up
like a raisin in the sun?
Or fester like a sore--
And then run?
Does it stink like rotten meat?
Or crust and sugar over--
like a syrupy sweet?
Maybe it just sags
like a heavy load.
Or does it explode?



What happens to a dream deferred?
وقتی رویای آدم به تحقق نپیونده انسان چطور میشه ؟


Does it dry up like a raisin in the sun? = similie
کشمش به آرزوهای تحقق نیافته تشبیه شده


Or fester like a sore = similie
رویای تحقق نیافته رو به زخم چرکین تشبیه می کند


Does it stink like rotten meat? = similie
که بوی نامطبوعش مثل گوشت گندیده آدم رو آزار میده؟


Or crust and sugar over - like a syrupy sweet ? = similie
یا مثل شکرک دور مرباست که شیرینی دارد اما دیگر استفاده ای نداره.


Maybe it just sags like a heavy load = similie
شاید مثل یک بار سنگین روحی است چون تحقق نیافته؛ همیشه با خودت همراهت میکشی


Or does it explode ? = metaphor
وقتی از تحمل انسان فراتر بره ؛ آدم دیگه منفجر میشه.

نقد و بررسی شعر Dover beach

Dover Beach


The sea is calm to-night.
The tide is full, the moon lies fair
Upon the straits;--on the French coast the light
Gleams and is gone; the cliffs of England stand,
Glimmering and vast, out in the tranquil bay.
Come to the window, sweet is the night-air!
Only, from the long line of spray
Where the sea meets the moon-blanch'd land,
Listen! you hear the grating roar
Of pebbles which the waves draw back, and fling,
At their return, up the high strand,
Begin, and cease, and then again begin,
With tremulous cadence slow, and bring
The eternal note of sadness in.

Sophocles long ago
Heard it on the {AE}gean, and it brought
Into his mind the turbid ebb and flow
Of human misery; we
Find also in the sound a thought,
Hearing it by this distant northern sea.

نقد و بررسی شعر Mr.Z

Taught early that his mother's skin was the sign of error
بهش آموخته شده بود که رنگ پوست مادرش چون سیاه است پر از ایراد است. (جامعه بهشون تلقین کرده بود.)


He dressed and spoke the perfect part of honor
و او سعی می کرد مانند سفید پوستان لباس بپوشه و صحبت کنه


Jazz = allusion to black persons (negros)

Spiriyuals = allusion (dances)


His bride had somewhere lost her jewishness = irony
همسرش یه جورایی یهودی بودنش را یک جایی جا گذاشته بود. (زنش هم مسیحی شده بود.)


But kept her blue eyes ; an episcopalian = irony

Chameleon = metaphor
به انسان هایی میگه که هر لحظه عقیدشون رو عوض می کنند.


An airborne plant , flourishing without roots = metaphor
یعنی این فرد رو به یک گیاه بی ریشه تشبیه کرده.

* verbal & situational irony :

به خاطر این که خودش نمی خواسته جز نژادش باشه ولی سفید پوستان اونو جز سیاهان می دونستند.

* dramatic irony :

فرد در تمام زندگی سعی می کنه که او را جز سفید پوستان به حساب بیارن ولی بازم نمیشه

* چرا اسمش را z گذاشته ؟

چون آخرین حرف انگلیسی است و میخواد بگه آخر زندگی و انسان هاست و آخرین نفر است.

نقد و بررسی شعر To his coy mistress

To his coy mistress = to his shy beloved

We would sit down , and think which way = visual imagery

Thou by the indian ganges' side = allusion

Love you ten years before the flood = religious allusion

Till the conversion of the jews = allusion

My vegetable love should grow = metaphor (hyperbole metaphor) , overstatement

For lady, you deserve this state = ironic
۱. اینقدر عزیزی که من سال ها تو رو ستایش می کردم.
۲. اینقدر بی رحمی که قلبت آخرین قسمت که میتونم بستایم.

Time's winged chariot hurrying near = metaphor
داره میگه چقدر زمان کوتاهه و به سرعت می گذره
Time = to the gods and godess' vehicle

Deserts of vast eternity = allusion to death

Thy beauty shall no more be found = imagery

Birds of prey = similie

Than languish in his slow chopped power
تا این که زیر آرواره هاش خورد بشیم (زمان را به یک حیوان درنده تشبیه کرده است)

Thorough the iron gates of life = metaphor
زندگی را به دروازه های أهنین که در حال بسته شدن است تشبیه کرده است.

تم شعر :

Carpe diem = seize(grab) the time

نقد و بررسی شعر because i could not stop for death

Because I could not stop for Death,
He kindly stopped for me;
The carriage held but just ourselves
And Immortality. We slowly drove, he knew no haste,
And I had put away
My labor, and my leisure too,
For his civility.
We passed the school, where children strove
At recess, in the ring;
We passed the fields of gazing grain,
We passed the setting sun.
Or rather, he passed us;
The dews grew quivering and chill,
For only gossamer my gown,
My tippet only tulle.
We paused before a house that seemed
A swelling of the ground;
The roof was scarcely visible,
The cornice but a mound.
Since then 'tis centuries, and yet each
Feels shorter than the day
I first surmised the horses' heads
Were toward eternity.




The carriage = metaphor for death


Grain = personification


Setting sun = irony


House = metaphor
به قبر تشبیه شده

Feels shorter than the day = irony

تم شعر :

فکر می کرد به جاودانگی خواهد رسید ؛ اما با مرگ هم به جاودانگی نرسید.

نقد و بررسی شعر Dulce Et Decorum Est

Wilfred Owen Dulce Et Decorum Est

Bent double, like old beggars under sacks,
Knock-kneed, coughing like hags, we cursed through sludge,
Till on the haunting flares we turned our backs
And towards our distant rest began to trudge.
Men marched asleep. Many had lost their boots
But limped on, blood-shod. All went lame; all blind;
Drunk with fatigue; deaf even to the hoots
Of disappointed shells that dropped behind.

GAS! Gas! Quick, boys!-- An ecstasy of fumbling,
Fitting the clumsy helmets just in time;
But someone still was yelling out and stumbling
And floundering like a man in fire or lime.--
Dim, through the misty panes and thick green light
As under a green sea, I saw him drowning.

In all my dreams, before my helpless sight,
He plunges at me, guttering, choking, drowning.

If in some smothering dreams you too could pace
Behind the wagon that we flung him in,
And watch the white eyes writhing in his face,
His hanging face, like a devil's sick of sin;
If you could hear, at every jolt, the blood
Come gargling from the froth-corrupted lungs,
Obscene as cancer, bitter as the cud
Of vile, incurable sores on innocent tongues,--
My friend, you would not tell with such high zest
To children ardent for some desperate glory,
The old Lie: Dulce et decorum est
Pro patria mori.

نقد و بررسی شعر shall i compare thee to a summer's day ?

Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? (Sonnet 18)

by William Shakespeare

Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?
Thou art more lovely and more temperate.
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer's lease hath all too short a date.
Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,
And often is his gold complexion dimmed;
And every fair from fair sometime declines,
By chance, or nature's changing course, untrimmed;
But thy eternal summer shall not fade,
Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st,
Nor shall death brag thou wand'rest in his shade,
When in eternal lines to Time thou grow'st.
So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,
So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.

انواع کنایه و تفاوت بین آن ها

Irony of situation , dramatic irony , verbal.

- irony of situation : your expectations is opposite of real situation.

- verbal : what you said and what you meant.

What a nice day ! = what a horrible day !


- dramatic irony : the difference between what the speaker said and what the author means. The speaker's words may be straight forward, but the author by putting those words in a particular speakers mouth may want to indicate opposite ideas.